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A printer profile is a description of what your printer will do with color. When printing, color is rendered (see description on rendering intents) from an source (also called input) profile to a printer profile (also called a destination profile). An printer profile is specific to a certain device, ink set, and paper stock. It is also commonly specific to a certain resolution as well. A typical printer profile would be Epson 4800 1440v Premium Luster PK. Each part of the name represents an aspect of the printing environment.

Epson: Printer Manufacturer
4800: Printer Model
1440: Resolution
V: Dot Structure (in this case variable dot).
Premium Luster: Paper type
PKInk Type (in this case Photo Black)

Different manufacturers may use different naming conventions but the above example is typical of what you may expect.